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Fertilizer Best Management Practices. First edition, IFA, Paris, France, August 2007
The publication can be downloaded from IFA’s web site.
IFA : International Fertilizer Industry Association – Fertilizer Best Management Practices .
To obtain paper copies, contact IFA.
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* Fertilizer Best Management Practices, Front Cover.
* Contents.
* Acknowledgements.
*Nutrient use efficiency – measurement and management.
* Right product, right rate, right time and right place … the foundation of best management practices for fertilizer.
* Balanced fertilization for sustainable use of plant nutrients.
* Site-specific nutrient management.
* Integrated farming and integrated plant nutrient management.
* “Teaspoon feeding”: precise plant nutrition through advanced application methods.
* Fertilizer best management practices in the context of product stewardship.
* Can we define a global framework within which fertilizer best management practices can be adapted to local conditions?.
* Fertilizer best management practices: what level of adaptation to local conditions is realistic in a developing country context?.
* Adoption of fertilizer best management practices: the need for a sociological approach.
* Changing farmers’ behavior in developing countries for a wider adoption of fertilizer best management practices – experience in Thailand.
* Farmers’ behavior and codes of fertiliser best management practices in India–viewpoint of Tata Chemicals Ltd.
* Preliminary synthesis of farmers’ attitudes and preferences towards nutrient application in China and India.
* Stewardship of crop protection products : maximising benefits and minimising risks.
* An economic evaluation of best management practices for crop nutrients in Canadian agriculture.
* Fertilizer best management practices in South America’s agricultural systems.
* Voluntary farm management qualification under the French official “Agriculture Raisonnée” scheme.
* Voluntary initiatives undertaken by the fertiliser industry of New Zealand.
* Fertcare® – putting best practice into stewardship.
* Principles, dissemination and performance of fertilizer best management practices developed in China.
* Voluntary initiatives and regulations for fertiliser best management practices in India.
* Fertilizer best management practices in Pakistan.
* Fertilizer best management practices in Southeast Asia.
* Global assessment of the situation of fertilizer best management practices.
* Possible entry points for action, an FAO overview.
* Strategies for controlling nitrogen emissions from agriculture: regulatory, voluntary and economic approaches.
* Fertilizer Best Management Practices, Back Cover.
Nutrient use effi ciency – measurement
and management
A. Dobermann
University of Nebraska-Lincoln, USA; adobermann2@unl.edu
Nutrients in the global scheme
Mineral fertilizers have sustained world agriculture and thus global population and
wealth growth for more than 100 years (Smil, 2001; Stewart et al., 2005). Th eir contribution
to increasing crop yields has spared millions of hectares of natural ecosystems that
otherwise would have been converted to agriculture (Balmford et al., 2005). However,
lacking, imbalanced, inappropriate or excessive use of nutrients in agricultural systems
remains a concern. Nutrient mining is a major cause for low crop yields in parts of the
developing world, particularly Africa. In other situations, nutrients such as nitrogen
(N) and phosphorus (P) oft en move beyond the bounds of the agricultural fi eld because
the management practices used fail to achieve good congruence between nutrient supply
and crop nutrient demand (van Noordwijk and Cadisch, 2002). If left unchecked,
such losses may bear signifi cant costs to society (Mosier et al., 2001). Hence, increasing
nutrient use effi ciency continues to be a major challenge for world agriculture.
Th is paper tries to summarize how the use effi ciency of N, P and potassium (K) from
mineral fertilizer is commonly defi ned and measured, what needs to be considered for
interpreting such values, and how it can be improved through soil, crop and fertilizer
management. It focuses on cereal systems because those consume the bulk of the
world’s fertilizer, but the principles discussed are similar in all agricultural crops. Where
possible, attempts are made to discuss diff erences between developed and developing
countries. Two key messages emerge: (i) Nutrient use effi ciencies measured under practical
farming conditions are mostly lower than those reported from research experiments,
but information on current levels of fertilizer use and nutrient use effi ciency by
diff erent crops, cropping systems and world regions remains insuffi cient; (ii) Numerous
technologies for increasing nutrient use effi ciency exist. Th ey have been evaluated thoroughly,
but adoption by farmers is lagging behind.
Measuring nutrient use effi ciency
Agronomic indices for short-term assessment of nutrient use effi ciency
Table 1 summarizes a set of simple indices that are frequently used in agronomic research
to assess the effi ciency of applied fertilizer (Novoa and Loomis, 1981; Cassman
et al., 2002), mainly for assessing the short-term crop response to a nutrient. A practical
example is illustrated in Figure 1. Other indices are sometimes used (Gourley et al.,
1993; Huggins and Pan, 1993), but they have no additional advantages for understanding
fertilizer best management practices (FBMPs). More detailed studies on the fate
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