A.Gelisols

The Soils That We Classify‎ > ‎Soil Taxonomy 2nd Ed.1999‎ > ‎

The central concept of Gelisols is that of soils with gelic materials underlain by permafrost. Freezing and thawing are important processes in Gelisols. Diagnostic horizons may or may not be present. Permafrost influences pedogenesis by acting as a barrier to the downward movement of the soil solution. Cryoturbation (frost mixing) is an important process in many Gelisols and results in irregular or broken horizons, involutions, organic matter accumulation on the permafrost table, oriented rock fragments, and silt caps on rock fragments. Cryoturbation occurs when two freezing fronts, one from the surface and the other from the permafrost, merge during freeze-back in the autumn. Ice segregation is an important property of gelic materials and occurs when the soil solution migrates toward ice, increasing the volume of ice. Volume changes also occur as the water freezes. In the drier areas, cryoturbation is less pronounced or does not occur, but the soils still have gelic materials, as manifested by sand wedges and ice crystals. Diagnostic horizons, including ochric, mollic, umbric, and histic epipedons and argillic, salic, gypsic, and calcic horizons, have been observed in Gelisols. The importance of these diagnostic horizons, however, is overshadowed by the properties of the gelic materials and the associated permafrost. In some Gelisols the effects of cryoturbation are so well expressed that no diagnostic horizons are observed. Definition of Gelisols and Limits Between Gelisols and Soils of Other Orders  Gelisols are soils that have one or more of the following: 1. Permafrost within 100 cm of the soil surface; or 2. Gelic materials within 100 cm of the soil surface and permafrost within 200 cm of the soil surface.  Limits Between Gelisols and Other Soil Orders  The definition of Gelisols must provide criteria that separate Gelisols from all other orders. The aggregate of these criteria defines the limits of Gelisols in relation to all other known soils. Unlike the other soil orders, Gelisols have one or both of the following: 1. Permafrost within 100 cm of the soil surface; or 2. Gelic materials within 100 cm of the soil surface and permafrost within 200 cm of the soil surface.  Representative Pedon and Data  Following is a description of a representative Gelisol. Data for the pedon identified in this description are given in the table “Characterization Data for a Gelisol.”  Classification: Loamy, mixed, superactive Typic Molliorthel Site identification number: 94P0668 Location: Lower Kolymar, Russia Latitude: 68 degrees 43 minutes 56 seconds N. Longitude: 161 degrees 31 minutes 49 seconds E. Slope: 3 percent Aspect: 270 degrees Horizontal shape: Convex Vertical shape: Convex Total slope length: 200 m, 30 m of which is above the sample site Elevation: 140 m Landscape: Plains Landform: Pediment Annual precipitation: 190 mm Soil moisture regime: Udic Land use: Forest land (not grazed) Permeability class: Moderate Natural drainage class: Well drained Parent material: Loess and moderately weathered local colluvium derived from acidic schist and diorite Particle-size control section: 25 to 100 cm Diagnostic features: An mollic epipedon from a depth of 0 to 38 cm and permafrost at a depth of 94 cm Notes: An ice-rich permafrost table is at a depth of 94 cm.The frozen layer from a depth of 78 to 94 cm is thought to be part of the active layer in some years. Charcoal is mixed to a depth of 25 cm. Rock fragments are diorite.  In the following pedon description, colors are for moist soil unless otherwise indicated.  A—0 to 7 cm; dark reddish brown (5YR 2/2) silt loam, dark reddish brown (5YR 3/2) dry; weak thin platy and moderate very fine subangular blocky structure; many very fine roots throughout; 1 percent angular gravel; very strongly acid; abrupt wavy boundary.  AB—7 to 12 cm; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) silt loam, light olive brown (2.5Y 5/3) dry; weak thin platy and moderate very fine subangular blocky structure; firm, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; common very fine to medium roots throughout; common fine high-continuity tubular pores; 9.0 percent clay; 3 percent angular gravel; very strongly acid; abrupt wavy boundary.  Bw1—12 to 38 cm; dark brown (10YR 3/3) silt loam, light olive brown (2.5Y 5/3) dry; moderate thin platy and moderate fine subangular blocky structure; friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; common very fine to medium roots throughout; many medium vesicular and many very fine high-continuity tubular pores; 10.0 percent clay; 3 percent angular gravel; very strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.  Bw2—38 to 59 cm; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) silt loam, light olive brown (2.5Y 5/3) dry; strong very fine subangular blocky structure; very friable, slightly sticky and plastic; common very fine to medium roots throughout; many very fine and fine high-continuity tubular pores; 15.0 percent clay; 3 percent angular gravel; very strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.  Bw3—59 to 78 cm; very dark grayish brown (2.5Y 3/2) silt loam, light olive brown (2.5Y 5/3) dry; moderate very thin platy and moderate very fine subangular blocky structure; friable, slightly sticky and plastic; 15.0 percent clay; 3 percent angular gravel; strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary.  Bw4—78 to 94 cm; dark grayish brown (2.5Y 4/2) silt loam, grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) dry; strong medium platy and moderate fine subangular blocky structure; extremely firm, sticky and plastic; few very fine and fine roots; common very fine and fine moderate-continuity tubular pores; 17.0 percent clay; 2 percent angular cobbles and 3 percent angular gravel; strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.  Cf—94 to 110 cm; dark grayish brown (2.5Y 4/2) silt loam; massive; extremely firm, sticky and plastic; 17.0 percent clay; 2 percent angular cobbles and 3 percent angular gravel; strongly acid.  Key to Suborders  AA. Gelisols that have organic soil materials that meet one or more of the following: 1. Overlie cindery, fragmental, or pumiceous materials and/or fill their interstices and directly below these materials have either a densic, lithic, or paralithic contact; or 2. When added with the underlying cindery, fragmental, or pumiceous materials, total 40 cm or more between the soil surface and a depth of 50 cm; or 3. Are saturated with water for 30 or more cumulative days during normal years (or are artificially drained) and have 80 percent or more, by volume, organic soil materials from the soil surface to a depth of 50 cm or to a glacic layer or a densic, lithic, or paralithic contact, whichever is shallowest.Histels, p. 448  AB. Other Gelisols that have one or more horizons showing cryoturbation in the form of irregular, broken, or distorted horizon boundaries, involutions, the accumulation of organic matter on top of the permafrost, ice or sand wedges, and oriented rock fragments. Turbels, p. 462  AC. Other Gelisols. Orthels, p. 452 pages by <SoClaimon> sootin claimon : sootinc@gmail.com

Subpages (3): AA.Histels AB.Turbels AC.Orthels

AA.Histels

The Soils That We Classify‎ > ‎Soil Taxonomy 2nd Ed.1999‎ > ‎A.Gelisols‎ > ‎

Key to Suborders  AA. Gelisols that have organic soil materials that meet one or more of the following: 1. Overlie cindery, fragmental, or pumiceous materials and/or fill their interstices and directly below these materials have either a densic, lithic, or paralithic contact; or 2. When added with the underlying cindery, fragmental, or pumiceous materials, total 40 cm or more between the soil surface and a depth of 50 cm; or 3. Are saturated with water for 30 or more cumulative days during normal years (or are artificially drained) and have 80 percent or more, by volume, organic soil materials from the soil surface to a depth of 50 cm or to a glacic layer or a densic, lithic, or paralithic contact, whichever is shallowest.Histels, p. 448  AA. These are the Gelisols with large amounts of organic carbon that commonly accumulate under anaerobic conditions, or the organic matter at least partially fills voids in fragmental, cindery, or pumiceous materials. Cold temperatures contribute to the accumulation of organic matter.  Definition  Histels are the Gelisols that have organic soil materials that meet one or more of the following: 1. Overlie cindery, fragmental, or pumiceous materials and/or fill their interstices and directly below these materials have either a densic, lithic, or paralithic contact; or 2. When added with the underlying cindery, fragmental, or pumiceous materials, total 40 cm or more between the soil surface and a depth of 50 cm; or 3. Are saturated with water for 30 or more cumulative days during normal years (or are artificially drained) and have 80 percent or more, by volume, organic soil materials from the soil surface to a depth of 50 cm or to a glacic layer or a densic, lithic, or paralithic contact, whichever is shallowest.  Key to Great Groups  AAA. Histels that are saturated with water for less than 30 cumulative days during normal years (and are not artificially drained). Folistels, p. 449  AAB. Other Histels that are saturated with water for 30 or more cumulative days during normal years and that have both: 1. A glacic layer with its upper boundary within 100 cm of the soil surface; and 2. Less than three-fourths (by volume) Sphagnum fibers in the organic soil materials to a depth of 50 cm or to a densic, lithic, or paralithic contact, whichever is shallower. Glacistels, p. 450  AAC. Other Histels that have more thickness of fibric soil materials than any other kind of organic soil material to a depth of 50 cm or to a densic, lithic, or paralithic contact, whichever is shallowest. Fibristels, p. 448  AAD. Other Histels that have more thickness of hemic soil materials than any other kind of organic soil material to a depth of 50 cm or to a densic, lithic, or paralithic contact, whichever is shallowest. Hemistels, p. 450  AAE. Other Histels. Sapristels, p. 451 pages by <SoClaimon> sootin claimon : sootinc@gmail.com

Subpages (5): AAA.Folistels AAB.Glacistels AAC.Fibristels AAD.Hemistels AAE.Sapristels

AB.Turbels

The Soils That We Classify‎ > ‎Soil Taxonomy 2nd Ed.1999‎ > ‎A.Gelisols‎ > ‎

Key to Suborders  AB. Other Gelisols that have one or more horizons showing cryoturbation in the form of irregular, broken, or distorted horizon boundaries, involutions, the accumulation of organic matter on top of the permafrost, ice or sand wedges, and oriented rock fragments. Turbels, p. 462  AB. These are the Gelisols that have one or more horizons with evidence of cryoturbation in the form of irregular, broken, or distorted horizon boundaries, involutions, the accumulation of organic matter on top of the permafrost, ice or sand wedges, and oriented rock fragments. Cryoturbation occurs only in soils with sufficient moisture. Cryoturbated horizons in soils that are dry for most of the year likely were more moist in the past. Turbels are the dominant suborder of Gelisols. They account for about half the Gelisols on a global basis. These soils are common in the High and Middle Arctic vegetation regions of North America and Eurasia at latitudes of 65o N. or more.  Definition  Turbels are the Gelisols that: 1. Do not have organic soil materials that meet one or more of the following:                 a. Overlie cindery, fragmental, or pumiceous materials and/or fill their interstices and directly below these materials have either a densic, lithic, or paralithic contact; or                 b. When added with the underlying cindery, fragmental, or pumiceous materials, total 40 cm or more between the soil surface and a depth of 50 cm; or                 c. Are saturated with water for 30 or more cumulative days during normal years (or are artificially drained) and have 80 percent or more, by volume, organic soil materials from the soil surface to a depth of 50 cm or to a glacic layer or a densic, lithic, or paralithic contact, whichever is shallowest; and 2. Have one or more horizons with evidence of cryoturbation in the form of irregular, broken, or distorted horizon boundaries, involutions, the accumulation of organic matter on top of the permafrost, ice or sand wedges, and oriented rock fragments.  Key to Great Groups  ABA. Turbels that have in 30 percent or more of the pedon more than 40 percent, by volume, organic materials from the soil surface to a depth of 50cm. Histoturbels, p. 466  ABB. Other Turbels that have, within 50 cm of the mineral soil surface, redox depletions with chroma of 2 or less and also aquic conditions during normal years (or artificial drainage). Aquiturbels, p. 464  ABC. Other Turbels that have anhydrous conditions. Anhyturbels, p. 463  ABD. Other Turbels that have a mollic epipedon. Molliturbels, p. 466  ABE. Other Turbels that have an umbric epipedon. Umbriturbels, p. 469  ABF. Other Turbels that have less than 35 percent (by volume) rock fragments and a texture of loamy fine sand or coarser in all layers within the particle-size control section. Psammoturbels, p. 468  ABG. Other Turbels. Haploturbels, p. 465 pages by <SoClaimon> sootin claimon : sootinc@gmail.com

Subpages (7): ABA.Histoturbels ABB.Aquiturbels ABC.Anhyturbels ABD.Molliturbels ABE.Umbriturbels ABF.Psammoturbels ABG.Haploturbels

AC.Orthels

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Key to Suborders  AC. Other Gelisols. Orthels, p. 452  AC. Orthels are the Gelisols that show little or no evidence of cryoturbation and are the second most abundant suborder of Gelisols. These soils occur primarily within the zone of widespread permafrost or in areas of coarse textured materials in the continuous zone of permafrost. Orthels are generally drier than Turbels and Histels. They occur in the southern Andes and the high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere.  Definition  Orthels are the Gelisols that: 1. Do not have organic soil materials that meet any of the following:                 a. Overlie cindery, fragmental, or pumiceous materials and/or fill their interstices and directly below these materials have either a densic, lithic, or paralithic contact; or                 b. When added with the underlying cindery, fragmental, or pumiceous materials, total 40 cm or more between the soil surface and a depth of 50 cm; or                 c. Are saturated with water for 30 or more cumulative days during normal years (or are artificially drained) and have 80 percent or more, by volume, organic soil materials from the soil surface to a depth of 50 cm or to a glacic layer or a densic, lithic, or paralithic contact, whichever is shallowest; and 2. Do not have any horizons showing cryoturbation in the form of irregular, broken, or distorted horizon boundaries, involutions, the accumulation of organic matter on top of the permafrost, ice or sand wedges, and oriented rock fragments.  Key to Great Groups  ACA. Orthels that have in 30 percent or more of the pedon more than 40 percent, by volume, organic materials from the soil surface to a depth of 50cm. Historthels, p. 457  ACB. Other Orthels that have, within 50 cm of the mineral soil surface, redox depletions with chroma of 2 or less and also aquic conditions during normal years (or artificial drainage). Aquorthels, p. 453  ACC. Other Orthels that have anhydrous conditions. Anhyorthels, p. 452  ACD. Other Orthels that have a mollic epipedon. Mollorthels, p. 457  ACE. Other Orthels that have an umbric epipedon. Umbrorthels, p. 460  ACF. Other Orthels that have an argillic horizon that has its upper boundary within 100 cm of the mineral soil surface. Argiorthels, p. 455  ACG. Other Orthels that have, below the Ap horizon or below a depth of 25 cm, whichever is deeper, less than 35 percent (by volume) rock fragments and have a texture of loamy fine sand or coarser in the particle-size control section. Psammorthels, p. 459  ACH. Other Orthels. Haplorthels, p. 456 pages by <SoClaimon> sootin claimon : sootinc@gmail.com

Subpages (8): ACA.Historthels ACB.Aquorthels ACC.Anhyorthels ACD.Mollorthels ACE.Umbrorthels ACF.Argiorthels ACG.PsammorthelsACH.Haplorthels

AAA.Folistels

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Key to Great Groups  AAA. Histels that are saturated with water for less than 30 cumulative days during normal years (and are not artificially drained). Folistels, p. 449  AAA. These are the more or less freely drained Histels that consist primarily of O horizons derived from plant litter resting on rock or on fragmental materials that consist of gravel or larger rock fragments in which the interstices are partly filled or filled with organic materials. Plant roots grow in the organic materials. These soils are rare in the world.  Definition  Folistels are the Histels that are saturated with water for less than 30 cumulative days during normal years (and are not artificially drained).  Key to Subgroups  AAAA. Folistels that have a lithic contact within 50 cm of the soil surface. Lithic Folistels  AAAB. Other Folistels that have a glacic layer with its upper boundary within 100 cm of the soil surface. Glacic Folistels  AAAC. Other Folistels. Typic Folistels  Definition of Typic Folistels  Typic Folistels are the Folistels that: 1. Do not have a lithic contact within 50 cm of the soil surface; and 2. Do not have a glacic layer that has its upper boundary within 100 cm of the soil surface. pages by <SoClaimon> sootin claimon : sootinc@gmail.com

Subpages (3): AAAA.Lithic Folistels AAAB.Glacic Folistels AAAC.Typic Folistels

AAB.Glacistels

The Soils That We Classify‎ > ‎Soil Taxonomy 2nd Ed.1999‎ > ‎A.Gelisols‎ > ‎AA.Histels‎ > ‎

Key to Great Groups  AAB. Other Histels that are saturated with water for 30 or more cumulative days during normal years and that have both: 1. A glacic layer with its upper boundary within 100 cm of the soil surface; and 2. Less than three-fourths (by volume) Sphagnum fibers in the organic soil materials to a depth of 50 cm or to a densic, lithic, or paralithic contact, whichever is shallower. Glacistels, p. 450  AAB. Glacistels are the Histels that have 30 cm or more of ice within 100 cm of the soil surface. Disturbance of the surface-insulating layer causes the ice layer to melt and the soils to collapse. These soils occur in Alaska, Canada, and Siberia.  Definition  Glacistels are the Histels that: 1. Are saturated with water for 30 or more cumulative days during normal years; 2. Have a glacic layer with its upper boundary within 100 cm of the soil surface; and 3. Have less than three-fourths (by volume) Sphagnum fibers to a depth of 50 cm or to a densic, lithic, or paralithic contact, whichever is shallowest.  Key to Subgroups  AABA. Glacistels that have more thickness of hemic materials than any other kind of organic soil material in the upper 50 cm. Hemic Glacistels  AABB. Other Glacistels that have more thickness of sapric materials than any other kind of organic soil material in the upper 50 cm. Sapric Glacistels  AABC. Other Glacistels. Typic Glacistels  Definition of Typic Glacistels  Typic Glacistels are the Glacistels that have more thickness of fibric material than any other kind of organic material in the upper 50 cm. pages by <SoClaimon> sootin claimon : sootinc@gmail.com

Subpages (3): AABA.Hemic Glacistels AABB.Sapric Glacistels AABC.Typic Glacistels

AAC.Fibristels

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Key to Great Groups  AAC. Other Histels that have more thickness of fibric soil materials than any other kind of organic soil material to a depth of 50 cm or to a densic, lithic, or paralithic contact, whichever is shallowest. Fibristels, p. 448  AAC. These are wet Histels in which the organic materials are slightly decomposed. Most of the fiber is not destroyed by rubbing between the thumb and fingers. The botanical origin of much of the materials can be readily determined. Many Fibristels have ground water near the surface nearly all the time. These soils are of small extent in Alaska, Canada, and Siberia. They occur in depressional or level areas, commonly to adjacent water bodies.  Definition  Fibristels are the Histels that: 1. Are saturated with water for 30 or more cumulative days during normal years; 2. Do not have a glacic layer that has its upper boundary within 100 cm of the soil surface; and 3. Have more thickness of fibric soil materials than any other kind of organic soil material to a depth of 50 cm or to a densic, lithic, or paralithic contact, whichever is shallowest.  Key to Subgroups  AACA. Fibristels that have a lithic contact within 100 cm of the soil surface. Lithic Fibristels  AACB. Other Fibristels that have a mineral layer 30 cm or more thick within 100 cm of the soil surface. Terric Fibristels  AACC. Other Fibristels that have, within the organic materials, either one mineral layer 5 cm or more thick or two or more layers of any thickness within 100 cm of the soil surface. Fluvaquentic Fibristels  AACD. Other Fibristels in which three-fourths or more of the fibric material is derived from Sphagnum to a depth of 50 cm or to a densic, lithic, or paralithic contact, whichever is shallowest. Sphagnic Fibristels  AACE. Other Fibristels. Typic Fibristels  Definition of Typic Fibristels  Typic Fibristels are the Fibristels that: 1. Do not have a lithic contact within 100 cm of the soil surface; 2. Do not have a mineral layer between 5 and 30 cm thick or two or more thin, continuous mineral layers within 100 cm of the soil surface; 3. Do not have a mineral layer 30 cm or more thick that has its upper boundary within 100 cm of the soil surface; and 4. Have less than three-fourths of their fibric material derived from Sphagnum to a depth of 50 cm or to a densic, lithic, or paralithic contact, whichever is shallowest. pages by <SoClaimon> sootin claimon : sootinc@gmail.com

Subpages (5): AACA.Lithic Fibristels AACB.Terric Fibristels AACC.Fluvaquentic Fibristels AACD.Sphagnic Fibristels AACE.Typic Fibristels

AAD.Hemistels

The Soils That We Classify‎ > ‎Soil Taxonomy 2nd Ed.1999‎ > ‎A.Gelisols‎ > ‎AA.Histels‎ > ‎

Key to Great Groups  AAD. Other Histels that have more thickness of hemic soil materials than any other kind of organic soil material to a depth of 50 cm or to a densic, lithic, or paralithic contact, whichever is shallowest. Hemistels, p. 450  AAD. These are wet Histels in which the organic materials are moderately decomposed. The botanical origin of much of the organic material is between one-sixth and two-thirds after rubbing between the fingers. Water is at or very close to the surface of these soils much of the time, unless artificial drainage has been provided. The level of ground water may fluctuate but seldom drops much below the surface tier. Hemistels occur in depressional areas or the adjacent water bodies. These soils are known to occur in Siberia, Canada, and Alaska.  Definition  Hemistels are the Histels that: 1. Are saturated with water for 30 or more cumulative days during normal years (and are not artificially drained); 2. Do not have a glacic layer that has its upper boundary within 100 cm of the soil surface; and 3. Have more thickness of hemic soil materials than any other kind of organic soil material to a depth of 50 cm or to a densic, lithic, or paralithic contact, whichever is shallowest.  Key to Subgroups  AADA. Hemistels that have a lithic contact within 100 cm of the soil surface. Lithic Hemistels  AADB. Other Hemistels that have a mineral layer 30 cm or more thick within 100 cm of the soil surface. Terric Hemistels  AADC. Other Hemistels that have, within the organic materials, either one mineral layer 5 cm or more thick or two or more layers of any thickness within 100 cm of the soil surface. Fluvaquentic Hemistels  AADD. Other Hemistels. Typic Hemistels  Definition of Typic Hemistels  Typic Hemistels are the Hemistels that: 1. Do not have a lithic contact within 100 cm of the soil surface; 2. Do not have a mineral layer between 5 and 30 cm thick or two or more thin, continuous mineral layers within 100 cm of the soil surface; and 3. Do not have a mineral layer 30 cm or more thick that has its upper boundary within 100 cm of the soil surface. pages by <SoClaimon> sootin claimon : sootinc@gmail.com

Subpages (4): AADA.Lithic Hemistels AADB.Terric Hemistels AADC.Fluvaquentic Hemistels AADD.Typic Hemistels

AAE.Sapristels

The Soils That We Classify‎ > ‎Soil Taxonomy 2nd Ed.1999‎ > ‎A.Gelisols‎ > ‎AA.Histels‎ > ‎

Key to Great Groups  AAE. Other Histels. Sapristels, p. 451  AAE. These are wet Histels in which the organic materials are well decomposed. The botanical origin of the organic material is difficult to determine in most of these soils. The fiber content of most of the organic material is less than one-sixth after rubbing between the fingers. Sapristels occur in areas where ground water tables tend to fluctuate within the soils or where the soils were aerobic during drier periods in the past. When drained, fibric and hemic materials commonly decompose to form sapric materials.  Definition  Sapristels are the Histels that: 1. Are saturated with water for 30 or more cumulative days during normal years (and are not artificially drained); 2. Do not have a glacic layer that has its upper boundary within 100 cm of the soil surface; and 3. Have more thickness of sapric soil materials than any other kind of organic soil material to a depth of 50 cm or to a densic, lithic, or paralithic contact, whichever is shallowest.  Key to Subgroups  AAEA. Sapristels that have a lithic contact within 100 cm of the soil surface. Lithic Sapristels  AAEB. Other Sapristels that have a mineral layer 30 cm or more thick within 100 cm of the soil surface. Terric Sapristels  AAEC. Other Sapristels that have, within the organic materials, either one mineral layer 5 cm or more thick or two or more layers of any thickness within 100 cm of the soil surface. Fluvaquentic Sapristels  AAED. Other Sapristels. Typic Sapristels  Definition of Typic Sapristels  Typic Sapristels are the Sapristels that: 1. Do not have a lithic contact within 100 cm of the soil surface; 2. Do not have a mineral layer between 5 and 30 cm thick or two or more thin, continuous mineral layers within 100 cm of the soil surface; and 3. Do not have a mineral layer 30 cm or more thick that has its upper boundary within 100 cm of the soil surface. pages by <SoClaimon> sootin claimon : sootinc@gmail.com

Subpages (4): AAEA.Lithic Sapristels AAEB.Terric Sapristels AAEC.Fluvaquentic Sapristels AAED.Typic Sapristels

ABA.Histoturbels

The Soils That We Classify‎ > ‎Soil Taxonomy 2nd Ed.1999‎ > ‎A.Gelisols‎ > ‎AB.Turbels‎ > ‎

Key to Great Groups  ABA. Turbels that have in 30 percent or more of the pedon more than 40 percent, by volume, organic materials from the soil surface to a depth of 50cm. Histoturbels, p. 466  ABA. Histoturbels are the Turbels that have organic materials at the surface. Commonly, the organic materials are thicker in the lower positions on the landscape and thinner in the higher positions. These soils are commonly saturated at or near the surface for some time during normal years. They commonly have redoximorphic features.  Definition  Histoturbels are the Turbels that have in 30 percent or more of the pedon more than 40 percent, by volume, organic materials from the soil surface to a depth of 50 cm.  Key to Subgroups  ABAA. Histoturbels that have a lithic contact within 50 cm of the soil surface. Lithic Histoturbels  ABAB. Other Histoturbels that have a glacic layer with its upper boundary within 100 cm of the soil surface. Glacic Histoturbels  ABAC. Other Histoturbels that have more than 40 percent, by volume, organic soil materials from the soil surface to a depth of 50 cm in 75 percent or less of the pedon. Ruptic Histoturbels  ABAD. Other Histoturbels. Typic Histoturbels  Definition of Typic Histoturbels  Typic Histoturbels are the Turbels that: 1. Do not have a lithic contact within 50 cm of the soil surface; 2. Do not have a glacic layer that has its upper boundary within 100 cm of the soil surface; and 3. Have more than 40 percent, by volume, organic soil materials from the soil surface to a depth of 50 cm in more than 75 percent of the pedon. pages by <SoClaimon> sootin claimon : sootinc@gmail.com

Subpages (4): ABAA.Lithic Histoturbels ABAB.Glacic Histoturbels ABAC.Ruptic Histoturbels ABAD.Typic Histoturbels

ABB.Aquiturbels

The Soils That We Classify‎ > ‎Soil Taxonomy 2nd Ed.1999‎ > ‎A.Gelisols‎ > ‎AB.Turbels‎ > ‎

Key to Great Groups  ABB. Other Turbels that have, within 50 cm of the mineral soil surface, redox depletions with chroma of 2 or less and also aquic conditions during normal years (or artificial drainage). Aquiturbels, p. 464  ABB. These are the Turbels that are saturated with water close to the surface. Saturation commonly occurs in spring, when water perches on the permafrost and temperatures are warm enough for iron reduction to occur. These soils can have mollic, umbric, or ochric epipedons. They occur in depressional areas in Alaska, Canada, and Eurasia.  Definition  Aquiturbels are the Turbels that: 1. Have, within 50 cm of the mineral soil surface, redox depletions with chroma of 2 or less and also aquic conditions during normal years (or artificial drainage); and 2. Do not have in 30 percent or more of the pedon more than 40 percent, by volume, organic materials from the soil surface to a depth of 50 cm.  Key to Subgroups  ABBA. Aquiturbels that have a lithic contact within 50 cm of the mineral soil surface. Lithic Aquiturbels  ABBB. Other Aquiturbels that have a glacic layer with its upper boundary within 100 cm of the mineral soil surface. Glacic Aquiturbels  ABBC. Other Aquiturbels that have a sulfuric horizon or sulfidic materials with an upper boundary within 100 cm of the mineral soil surface. Sulfuric Aquiturbels  ABBD. Other Aquiturbels that have either: 1. Organic soil materials that are discontinous at the surface; or 2. Organic soil materials at the surface that change in thickness fourfold or more within a pedon. Ruptic-Histic Aquiturbels  ABBE. Other Aquiturbels that have less than 35 percent (by volume) rock fragments and a texture of loamy fine sand or coarser in all layers within the particle-size control section. Psammentic Aquiturbels  ABBF. Other Aquiturbels. Typic Aquiturbels  Definition of Typic Aquiturbels  Typic Aquiturbels are the Turbels that: 1. Do not have a lithic contact within 50 cm of the mineral soil surface; 2. Do not have a glacic layer that has its upper boundary within 100 cm of the mineral soil surface; 3. Have neither of the following:                 a. Organic soil materials that are discontinous at the surface; nor                 b. Organic soil materials at the surface that change in thickness fourfold or more within a pedon; 4. Have neither a sulfuric horizon nor sulfidic materials with an upper boundary within 100 cm of the mineral soil surface; and 5. Have either 35 percent or more (by volume) rock fragments or a texture finer than loamy fine sand in one or more layers within the particle-size control section. pages by <SoClaimon> sootin claimon : sootinc@gmail.com

Subpages (6): ABBA.Lithic Aquiturbels ABBB.Glacic Aquiturbels ABBC.Sulfuric Aquiturbels ABBD.Ruptic-Histic Aquiturbels ABBE.Psammentic Aquiturbels ABBF.Typic Aquiturbels

ABC.Anhyturbels

The Soils That We Classify‎ > ‎Soil Taxonomy 2nd Ed.1999‎ > ‎A.Gelisols‎ > ‎AB.Turbels‎ > ‎

Key to Great Groups  ABC. Other Turbels that have anhydrous conditions. Anhyturbels, p. 463  ABC. These are the Turbels that have anhydrous conditions and may have dry permafrost (i.e., insufficient moisture for interstitial ice to occur). The cold deserts commonly receive less than 30 mm of annual precipitation. These soils support little or no vegetation. Anhyturbels are limited in extent but occur in continental Antarctica, northern Greenland, and the cold, dry mountains of Eurasia at elevations of more than 3,700 m.  These soils have undergone climatic periods in the past when more moisture was available.  Definition  Anhyturbels are the Turbels that: 1. Have anhydrous conditions; 2. Do not have in 30 percent or more of the pedon more than 40 percent, by volume, organic materials from the soil surface to a depth of 50 cm; and 3. Do not have, within 50 cm of the mineral soil surface, redox depletions with chroma of 2 or less and also aquic conditions during normal years.  Key to Subgroups  ABCA. Anhyturbels that have a lithic contact within 50 cm of the mineral soil surface. Lithic Anhyturbels  ABCB. Other Anhyturbels that have a glacic layer with its upper boundary within 100 cm of the mineral soil surface. Glacic Anhyturbels  ABCC. Other Anhyturbels that have a petrogypsic horizon with its upper boundary within 100 cm of the mineral soil surface. Petrogypsic Anhyturbels  ABCD. Other Anhyturbels that have a gypsic horizon with its upper boundary within 100 cm of the mineral soil surface. Gypsic Anhyturbels  ABCE. Other Anhyturbels that have a horizon 15 cm or more thick that contains 12 cmol(-)/L nitrate in 1:5 soil:water extract and in which the product of its thickness (in cm) and its nitrate concentration is 3,500 or more. Nitric Anhyturbels  ABCF. Other Anhyturbels that have a salic horizon that has its upper boundary within 100 cm of the mineral soil surface. Salic Anhyturbels  ABCG. Other Anhyturbels that have a calcic horizon that has its upper boundary within 100 cm of the mineral soil surface. Calcic Anhyturbels  ABCH. Other Anhyturbels. Typic Anhyturbels  Definition of Typic Anhyturbels  These are the Anhyturbels that: 1. Do not have a lithic contact within 50 cm of the mineral soil surface; 2. Do not have a glacic layer or a petrogypsic, gypsic, salic, or calcic horizon with its upper boundary within 100 cm of the mineral soil surface; and 3. Do not have a horizon 15 cm or more thick that has 12 cmol(-)/L nitrate in 1:5 soil:water extract and in which the product of its thickness (in cm) and its nitrate concentration is 3,500 or more. pages by <SoClaimon> sootin claimon : sootinc@gmail.com

Subpages (8): ABCA.Lithic Anhyturbels ABCB.Glacic Anhyturbels ABCC.Petrogypsic Anhyturbels ABCD.Gypsic Anhyturbels ABCE.Nitric AnhyturbelsABCF.Salic Anhyturbels ABCG.Calcic Anhyturbels ABCH.Typic Anhyturbels

ABD.Molliturbels

The Soils That We Classify‎ > ‎Soil Taxonomy 2nd Ed.1999‎ > ‎A.Gelisols‎ > ‎AB.Turbels‎ > ‎

Key to Great Groups  ABD. Other Turbels that have a mollic epipedon. Molliturbels, p. 466  ABD. Molliturbels are the Turbels that have a mollic epipedon. These soils are not wet for long periods and do not have the redoximorphic features associated with Aquiturbels or the organic materials at the surface associated with Histoturbels. They are known to occur in Alaska, Canada, and Siberia. On the North Slope of the Brooks Range in Alaska, they support vegetation that differs from that on the more acid Umbriturbels.  Definition  Molliturbels are the Turbels that: 1. Have a mollic epipedon; 2. Do not have anhydrous conditions; 3. Do not have in 30 percent or more of the pedon more than 40 percent, by volume, organic materials from the soil surface to a depth of 50 cm; and 4. Do not have, within 50 cm of the mineral soil surface, redox depletions with chroma of 2 or less and also aquic conditions during normal years.  Key to Subgroups  ABDA. Molliturbels that have a lithic contact within 50 cm of the mineral soil surface. Lithic Molliturbels  ABDB. Other Molliturbels that have a glacic layer that has its upper boundary within 100 cm of the mineral soil surface. Glacic Molliturbels  ABDC. Other Molliturbels that have one or both of the following: 1. Cracks within 125 cm of the mineral soil surface that are 5 mm or more wide through a thickness of 30 cm or more for some time during normal years, and slickensides or wedge-shaped aggregates in a layer 15 cm or more thick that has its upper boundary within 125 cm of the mineral soil surface; or 2. A linear extensibility of 6.0 cm or more between the mineral soil surface and either a depth of 100 cm or a densic, lithic, or paralithic contact, whichever is shallowest. Vertic Molliturbels  ABDD. Other Molliturbels that have, throughout one or more horizons with a total thickness of 18 cm or more within 75 cm of the mineral soil surface, a fine-earth fraction with both a bulk density of 1.0 g/cm3 or less, measured at 33 kPa water retention, and Al plus 1/2 Fe percentages (by ammonium oxalate) totaling more than 1.0. Andic Molliturbels  ABDE. Other Molliturbels that have, throughout one or more horizons with a total thickness of 18 cm or more within 75 cm of the mineral soil surface, one or both of the following: 1. More than 35 percent (by volume) fragments coarser than 2.0 mm, of which more than 66 percent is cinders, pumice, and pumicelike fragments; or 2. A fine-earth fraction containing 30 percent or more particles 0.02 to 2.0 mm in diameter; and                 a. In the 0.02 to 2.0 mm fraction, 5 percent or more volcanic glass; and                 b. [(Al plus 1/2 Fe, percent extracted by ammonium oxalate) times 60] plus the volcanic glass (percent) is equal to 30 or more. Vitrandic Molliturbels  ABDF. Other Molliturbels that have: 1. A mollic epipedon 40 cm or more thick with a texture finer than loamy fine sand; and 2. A slope of less than 25 percent. Cumulic Molliturbels  ABDG. Other Molliturbels that have, in one or more horizons within 100 cm of the mineral soil surface, distinct or prominent redox concentrations and also aquic conditions for some time during normal years (or artificial drainage). Aquic Molliturbels  ABDH. Other Molliturbels. Typic Molliturbels  Definition of Typic Molliturbels  Typic Molliturbels are the Molliturbels that: 1. Do not have a lithic contact within 50 cm of the mineral soil surface; 2. Do not have a glacic layer that has its upper boundary within 100 cm of the mineral soil surface; 3. Do not have either of the following:                 a. Cracks within 125 cm of the mineral soil surface that are 5 mm or more wide through a thickness of 30 cm or more for some time during normal years, and slickensides or wedge-shaped aggregates in a layer 15 cm or more thick that has its upper boundary within 125 cm of the mineral soil surface; or                b. A linear extensibility of 6.0 cm or more between the mineral soil surface and either a depth of 100 cm or a densic, lithic, or paralithic contact, whichever is shallowest; 4. Do not have, throughout one or more horizons with a total thickness of 18 cm or more within 75 cm of the mineral soil surface, a fine-earth fraction with both a bulk density of 1.0 g/cm3 or less, measured at 33 kPa water retention, and Al plus 1/2 Fe percentages (by ammonium oxalate) totaling more than 1.0; 5. Do not have, throughout one or more horizons with a total thickness of 18 cm or more within 75 cm of the mineral soil surface, one or both of the following:                 a. More than 35 percent (by volume) fragments coarser than 2.0 mm, of which more than 66 percent is cinders, pumice, and pumicelike fragments; or                 b. A fine-earth fraction containing 30 percent or more particles 0.02 to 2.0 mm in diameter; and                                 (1) In the 0.02 to 2.0 mm fraction, 5 percent or more volcanic glass; and                                 (2) [(Al plus 1/2 Fe, percent extracted by ammonium oxalate) times 60] plus the volcanic glass (percent) is equal to 30 or more; 6. Have either:                 a. A mollic epipedon that is less than 40 cm thick, unless the texture is loamy fine sand or coarser; or                 b. A slope of 25 percent or more; and 7. Do not have, in any horizon within 100 cm of the mineral soil surface, distinct or prominent redox concentrations and also aquic conditions for some time during normal years. pages by <SoClaimon> sootin claimon : sootinc@gmail.com

Subpages (8): ABDA.Lithic Molliturbels ABDB.Glacic Molliturbels ABDC.Vertic Molliturbels ABDD.Andic Molliturbels ABDE.Vitrandic MolliturbelsABDF.Cumulic Molliturbels ABDG.Aquic Molliturbels ABDH.Typic Molliturbels

ABE.Umbriturbels

The Soils That We Classify‎ > ‎Soil Taxonomy 2nd Ed.1999‎ > ‎A.Gelisols‎ > ‎AB.Turbels‎ > ‎

Key to Great Groups  ABE. Other Turbels that have an umbric epipedon. Umbriturbels, p. 469  ABE. Umbriturbels are the Turbels that have an umbric epipedon. These soils are not wet for long periods and do not have the redoximorphic features associated with Aquiturbels, the organic materials at the surface associated with Histoturbels, or the anhydrous conditions associated with Anhyturbels. Umbriturbels are known to occur in Alaska, Canada, Greenland, and Siberia. On the North Slope of the Brooks Range in Alaska, they support vegetation that differs from that on Molliturbels.  Definition  Umbriturbels are the Turbels that: 1. Have an umbric epipedon; 2. Do not have in 30 percent or more of the pedon more than 40 percent, by volume, organic materials from the soil surface to a depth of 50 cm; 3. Do not have, within 50 cm of the mineral soil surface, redox depletions with chroma of 2 or less and also aquic conditions during normal years; and 4. Do not have anhydrous conditions.  Key to Subgroups  ABEA. Umbriturbels that have a lithic contact within 50 cm of the mineral soil surface. Lithic Umbriturbels  ABEB. Other Umbriturbels that have a glacic layer that has its upper boundary within 100 cm of the mineral soil surface. Glacic Umbriturbels  ABEC. Other Umbriturbels that have one or both of the following: 1. Cracks within 125 cm of the mineral soil surface that are 5 mm or more wide through a thickness of 30 cm or more for some time during normal years, and slickensides or wedge-shaped aggregates in a layer 15 cm or more thick that has its upper boundary within 125 cm of the mineral soil surface; or 2. A linear extensibility of 6.0 cm or more between the mineral soil surface and either a depth of 100 cm or a densic, lithic, or paralithic contact, whichever is shallowest. Vertic Umbriturbels  ABED. Other Umbriturbels that have, throughout one or more horizons with a total thickness of 18 cm or more within 75 cm of the mineral soil surface, a fine-earth fraction with both a bulk density of 1.0 g/cm3 or less, measured at 33 kPa water retention, and Al plus 1/2 Fe percentages (by ammonium oxalate) totaling more than 1.0. Andic Umbriturbels  ABEE. Other Umbriturbels that have, throughout one or more horizons with a total thickness of 18 cm or more within 75 cm of the mineral soil surface, one or both of the following: 1. More than 35 percent (by volume) fragments coarser than 2.0 mm, of which more than 66 percent is cinders, pumice, and pumicelike fragments; or 2. A fine-earth fraction containing 30 percent or more particles 0.02 to 2.0 mm in diameter; and                 a. In the 0.02 to 2.0 mm fraction, 5 percent or more volcanic glass; and                 b. [(Al plus 1/2 Fe, percent extracted by ammonium oxalate) times 60] plus the volcanic glass (percent) is equal to 30 or more. Vitrandic Umbriturbels  ABEF. Other Umbriturbels that have: 1. An umbric epipedon 40 cm or more thick with a texture finer than loamy fine sand; and 2. A slope of less than 25 percent. Cumulic Umbriturbels  ABEG. Other Umbriturbels that have, in one or more horizons within 100 cm of the mineral soil surface, distinct or prominent redox concentrations and also aquic conditions for some time during normal years (or artificial drainage). Aquic Umbriturbels  ABEH. Other Umbriturbels. Typic Umbriturbels  Definition of Typic Umbriturbels  Typic Umbriturbels are the Umbriturbels that: 1. Do not have a lithic contact within 50 cm of the mineral soil surface; 2. Do not have a glacic layer that has its upper boundary within 100 cm of the mineral soil surface; 3. Have neither of the following:                 a. Cracks within 125 cm of the mineral soil surface that are 5 mm or more wide through a thickness of 30 cm or more for some time during normal years, and slickensides or wedge-shaped aggregates in a layer 15 cm or more thick that has its upper boundary within 125 cm of the mineral soil surface; nor                b. A linear extensibility of 6.0 cm or more between the mineral soil surface and either a depth of 100 cm or a densic, lithic, or paralithic contact, whichever is shallowest; 4. Do not have, throughout one or more horizons with a total thickness of 18 cm or more within 75 cm of the mineral soil surface, a fine-earth fraction with both a bulk density of 1.0 g/cm3 or less, measured at 33 kPa water retention, and Al plus 1/2 Fe percentages (by ammonium oxalate) totaling more than 1.0; 5. Do not have, throughout one or more horizons with a total thickness of 18 cm or more within 75 cm of the mineral soil surface, either of the following:                 a. More than 35 percent (by volume) fragments coarser than 2.0 mm, of which more than 66 percent is cinders, pumice, and pumicelike fragments; or                 b. A fine-earth fraction containing 30 percent or more particles 0.02 to 2.0 mm in diameter; and                                 (1) In the 0.02 to 2.0 mm fraction, 5 percent or more volcanic glass; and                                 (2) [(Al plus 1/2 Fe, percent extracted by ammonium oxalate) times 60] plus the volcanic glass (percent) is equal to 30 or more; 6. Have either:                 a. An umbric epipedon that is less than 40 cm thick, unless the texture is loamy fine sand or coarser; or                 b. A slope of 25 percent or more; and 7. Do not have, in any horizon within 100 cm of the mineral soil surface, distinct or prominent redox concentrations and also aquic conditions for some time during normal years. pages by <SoClaimon> sootin claimon : sootinc@gmail.com

Subpages (8): ABEA.Lithic Umbriturbels ABEB.Glacic Umbriturbels ABEC.Vertic Umbriturbels ABED.Andic Umbriturbels ABEE.Vitrandic Umbriturbels ABEF.Cumulic Umbriturbels ABEG.Aquic Umbriturbels ABEH.Typic Umbriturbels

ABF.Psammoturbels

The Soils That We Classify‎ > ‎Soil Taxonomy 2nd Ed.1999‎ > ‎A.Gelisols‎ > ‎AB.Turbels‎ > ‎

Key to Great Groups  ABF. Other Turbels that have less than 35 percent (by volume) rock fragments and a texture of loamy fine sand or coarser in all layers within the particle-size control section. Psammoturbels, p. 468  ABF. Psammoturbels are the Turbels that have less than 35 percent (by volume) rock fragments and a texture of loamy fine sand or coarser in all layers within the particle-size control section. These soils commonly have an ochric epipedon but not an umbric or mollic epipedon or anhydrous conditions. Psammoturbels do not have the redoximorphic features associated with Aquiturbels or the organic materials close to the surface associated with Histoturbels.  Definition  Psammoturbels are the Turbels that: 1. Have less than 35 percent (by volume) rock fragments and a texture of loamy fine sand or coarser in all layers within the particle-size control section; 2. Do not have in 30 percent or more of the pedon more than 40 percent, by volume, organic materials from the soil surface to a depth of 50 cm; 3. Do not have, within 50 cm of the mineral soil surface, redox depletions with chroma of 2 or less and also aquic conditions during normal years; 4. Do not have anhydrous conditions; and 5. Do not have a mollic or umbric epipedon.  Key to Subgroups  ABFA. Psammoturbels that have a lithic contact within 50 cm of the mineral soil surface. Lithic Psammoturbels  ABFB. Other Psammoturbels that have a glacic layer that has its upper boundary within 100 cm of the mineral soil surface. Glacic Psammoturbels  ABFC. Other Psammoturbels that have a horizon 5 cm or more thick that has one or more of the following: 1. In 25 percent or more of each pedon, cementation by organic matter and aluminum, with or without iron; or 2. Al plus 1/2 Fe percentages (by ammonium oxalate) totaling 0.25 or more, and half that amount or less in an overlying horizon; or 3. An ODOE value of 0.12 or more, and a value half as high or lower in an overlying horizon. Spodic Psammoturbels  ABFD. Other Psammoturbels. Typic Psammoturbels  Definition of Typic Psammoturbels  Typic Psammoturbels are the Psammoturbels that: 1. Do not have a lithic contact within 50 cm of the mineral soil surface; 2. Do not have a glacic layer that has its upper boundary within 100 cm of the mineral soil surface; and 3. Do not have a horizon 5 cm or more thick that has any of the following:                 a. In 25 percent or more of each pedon, cementation by organic matter and aluminum, with or without iron; or                 b. Al plus 1/2 Fe percentages (by ammonium oxalate) totaling 0.25 or more, and half that amount or less in an overlying horizon; or                 c. An ODOE value of 0.12 or more, and a value half as high or lower in an overlying horizon. pages by <SoClaimon> sootin claimon : sootinc@gmail.com

Subpages (4): ABFA.Lithic Psammoturbels ABFB.Glacic Psammoturbels ABFC.Spodic Psammoturbels ABFD.Typic Psammoturbels